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THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY |
THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM |
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Law No.: 148/2025/QH15 |
Hanoi, December 11, 2025 |
Pursuant to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam amended by the Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15;
The National Assembly of Vietnam promulgates the Law on Digital Transformation.
1. This Law regulates the digital transformation including principles and policies for digital transformation; national coordination of digital transformation; measures to ensure digital transformation; digital government; digital economy and digital society; and responsibilities of authorities, organizations and individuals in digital transformation.
2. Issues related to data, electronic transactions, cybersecurity, telecommunications, artificial intelligence and other specialized fields shall comply with relevant laws, principles and requirements prescribed in this Law.
This Law applies to Vietnamese and foreign authorities, organizations and individuals that participate in and are related to press activities in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
For the purposes of this Law, the terms below shall be construed as follows:
1. Digital transformation is the process of changing methods for operation, administration and provision of services based on digital technology, digital data, digital systems, digital platforms and digital procedures to create new value, efficiency and transparency.
2. Digital infrastructure is a collection of technical systems, systems for connectivity, computing, archive and digital technology components for operation in the digital environment including telecommunications infrastructure, data center infrastructure, cloud computing and transmission infrastructure for machine-to-machine connectivity.
3. Public digital infrastructure includes digital platforms and shared digital services invested, managed or operated by the State; built on principles of openness, standards and high compatibility to serve the public interest; providing safe domestic, regional and international connectivity, integration and interoperation.
4. Digital system is the development of an information system including digital technology components, digital data, digital platforms, software, hardware, algorithms, processing models, and connecting devices that are organized to create, process, archive, connect and operate digital services or digital procedures including real-time operations.
5. Digital platform is an information system that creates a digital environment allowing parties to conduct transactions, provide or use products and services, or develop products and services.
6. Digital procedure is a chain of activities or professional operations performed, processed and controlled electronically in the digital environment.
7. Digital environment is the space for operation, interaction, transactions and services formed and operated through digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems, digital platforms and digital data.
8. Digitization is the conversion of information, data or documents from physical or analog form into digital data.
9. Digitization of procedures is the use of digital technology and digital data to automate and optimize operational procedures of authorities, organizations or individuals.
10. Digital data sharing is the provision, exchange or access to digital data among authorities, organizations and individuals in accordance with principles, standards and safety requirements.
11. Digital government is a model to organize and operate activities of state authorities in the digital environment to make timely decisions, operate effectively, ensure transparency, connect and interoperate with organizations, enterprises and citizens based on digital data, digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems and digital platforms.
12. Digital economy is economic activities based on digital data, digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems, digital platforms and digital operating models.
13. Digital society is a society in which individuals and organizations mainly operate and interact through digital services, digital systems, digital platforms and digital environment.
14. Digital service is a service provided in the digital environment.
15. Online public services are administrative services and other services provided by state authorities in the digital environment including wholly online public services and partially online public services.
Wholly online public services are services that are fully conducted online including submission, receipt, processing, payment (if any) and result return.
Partially online public services are services of which one or some stages are conducted online.
16. Digital citizen is an individual capable of accessing, using and participating safely and effectively in activities in the digital environment in accordance with the laws.
17. Digital competence is the collection of knowledge and skills to safely, effectively and responsibly use digital technology to participate in activities in the digital environment.
18. Digital workforce is the labor force across sectors possessing digital competence to participate in digital transformation activities.
19. Digital divide is the disparity among groups, organizations or individuals in digital competence, conditions, access, use, and benefits from digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital technology, digital platforms and digital data.
20. Information technology is a set of scientific methods, modern technologies and technical equipment for producing, transmitting, collecting, processing, archiving and exchanging digital information. Information technology is a part of digital technology as prescribed in the Law on Digital Industry.
21. Digital information is information created by using digital signals.
22. Network environment is an environment where information is provided, transmitted, collected, processed, archived and exchanged through information infrastructure.
23. Information infrastructure is a system of equipment serving the production, transmission, collection, process, archive and exchange of digital information including telecommunications networks, the Internet, computer networks and databases.
24. Application of information technology is the use of information technology in socio-economic, foreign affairs, national defense, security and other activities to improve productivity, quality and efficiency. Application of information technology is a part of the application of digital technology.
Article 4. Digital transformation activities
1. Develop, promulgate and organize the implementation of strategies, programs, plans, architectures, regulations, technical requirements, standards and technical regulations on digital transformation; manage, cooperate, collect statistics, measure, supervise and audit digital transformation activities; evaluate the level and effectiveness of digital transformation.
2. Develop, upgrade, integrate, connect, manage, supervise, operate, maintain and sustain digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems, digital platforms, shared software, specialized software and databases.
3. Develop, protect, administer, process and use data; cooperate, connect, share, open, supervise, evaluate, use, audit, rank data and other activities as prescribed by laws related to data.
4. Digitize information, data and documents; digitize procedures; innovate and restructure procedures, organizational models, administration of internal affairs, leadership, direction, operation, inspection, supervision and services; develop and provide online public services, digital services and other applications in state management, production, business and social life; build and develop digital twins.
5. Implement cybersecurity and data protection measures in the design, deployment, operation and use of digital systems; carry out supervision, evaluation, response, risk management and incident remediation activities in accordance with laws on cybersecurity.
6. Research, experiment, pilot, evaluate and deploy application of digital products, services, new models and solutions for digital transformation; implement sandbox mechanisms in digital transformation.
7. Train and develop digital competence; promote basic digital literacy.
8. Communicate and disseminate guidelines, policies and laws on digital transformation; guide and support entities in accessing, using digital services and participating in digital environment activities.
9. Hire experts, consulting services, digital services, technical support services and other services for surveying, designing, building, deploying, operating, maintaining, testing, auditing, supervising and evaluating digital transformation activities.
10. Equip, purchase, lease and use digital transformation infrastructure, digital systems, digital platforms, digital technology products, cloud computing services, data services, cybersecurity services, consulting services and other digital services; tools and terminal devices for digital transformation.
11. Develop pilot projects including building and operating experimental digital systems, digital platforms and digital services unavailable on the market; unprecedented projects within limited scope to evaluate the effectiveness before proceeding with investment, rental or purchase procedures as prescribed by laws.
12. Other digital transformation activities as prescribed by the Government.
Article 5. Prohibited activities
1. Obstruct, sabotage digital transformation activities; cause disruption, stagnation or compromise the security of digital systems of authorities, organizations and individuals.
2. Carry out unauthorized access or interference; alter, disable or cause damage to digital systems, digital data, digital platforms and digital services.
3. Collect, use, share, purchase, sell or use digital data against the laws.
4. Exploit digital transformation for fraud, manipulation, profiteering or infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of authorities, organizations and individuals.
5. Abuse positions and powers to cause obstruction, discrimination, monopolization, factionalism or restriction of competition in the development, operation and use of digital systems.
PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Article 6. Principles of digital transformation
1. Promote innovation, user-centricity; improve service quality and create new value for authorities, organizations, enterprises and citizens
2. Enhance connectivity, data sharing and data reuse with “one-time declaration” as the default to improve management efficiency, reduce duplication, simplify procedures and strengthen decision-making capacity.
3. Ensure cybersecurity, data protection and privacy in accordance with the laws; encourage the adoption of advanced measures to enhance safety levels.
4. Be implemented flexibly and adaptively to rapid technological developments; encourage experimentation and application of new technologies suitable to the characteristics of each sector.
5. Ensure inclusiveness; enable all entities to have opportunities to access and use digital services conveniently, safely and effectively.
6. Ensure transparency and accountability for decisions based on digital technology to enhance user trust.
7. Encourage linking digital transformation with measurement, evaluation, supervision and continuous improvement activities to enhance implementation effectiveness and service quality.
8. State authorities are responsible for complying with principles of digital transformation. The State shall encourage non-public entities to apply the principles prescribed in this Article in their operations.
Article 7. Principles of architecture and design for digital systems
1. Be designed to use digital platforms and shared components; promote scalability, integration and reuse to enhance investment efficiency and limit duplication.
2. Ensure effective use of cloud computing infrastructure and technologies to enable flexible scaling according to demand; ensure operational efficiency, security and cost optimization.
3. Support connectivity and integration from the design phase based on open standards, open architecture and standardized application programming interfaces (hereinafter referred to as “APIs”) to facilitate data sharing and interoperability between systems.
4. Ensure cybersecurity and data protection from the design and development phases; encourage the application of advanced protective measures appropriate to risks.
5. Apply data-centric approach; ensure that data is collected, managed, shared and declared once as a default requirement; use data effectively to improve decision quality and service quality.
6. Apply user-centric approach; ensure convenience, accessibility, ease of use and suitability for diverse user groups, especially vulnerable and disadvantaged groups.
7. Ensure flexibility, ease of upgrade and adaptation to rapid technological developments; encourage the application of modular architecture models, independent components and appropriate new technologies.
8. State authorities are responsible for complying with principles of design and architecture of digital systems. The State shall encourage non-public entities to apply the principles prescribed in this Article in their operations.
9. The Government shall elaborate this Article in accordance with management requirements and practical implementation.
Article 8. Minimum requirements for digital systems
1. The minimum requirements for digital systems are mandatory for information systems, digital platforms, databases and digital services of state authorities; digital systems serving public interests; essential digital services; and digital systems of organizations and enterprises assigned by state authorities to provide public services.
For digital systems of other organizations and enterprises, the State shall encourage the application in accordance with their capacity and needs.
2. Cybersecurity shall be ensured according to levels. There must be mechanisms for supervision, detection, warning, response and recovery when incidents occur.
3. The connectivity and data sharing with other systems shall comply with the standards. APIs shall be supported in accordance with standards and technical regulations. National data standards, open standards and technical standards as prescribed by laws shall be applied.
4. Data processed by digital systems shall be archived, backed up, protected and restored in accordance with plans for integrity, availability and resilience; comply with regulations on personal data protection and important/core data in accordance with laws on personal data protection and data management.
5. Digital systems and digital services shall maintain minimum operational availability; have contingency and failover plans to ensure smooth operation of critical systems or essential services.
6. Digital systems shall record, archive and protect activity logs; ensure capability for inspection, supervision and traceability to serve inspections, audits and explanation when necessary.
7. Digital systems and digital services shall satisfy technical standards, regulations and requirements on minimum accessibility for users, especially persons with disabilities, the elderly and other vulnerable groups.
8. Digital systems shall be classified according to risk levels, importance, sector and scope of impact with a roadmap for applying minimum requirements as prescribed by the Government.
Article 9. State policies on digital transformation
1. Develop a uniform, secure, reliable and scalable digital transformation infrastructure that satisfies requirements for connectivity, data sharing and digital service provision.
2. Promote the formation and development of digital data; ensure accessibility, sharing, reuse and use of digital data in accordance with the laws.
3. Encourage the development and use of shared digital platforms, open digital platforms and digital technology products and services serving management, service provision and socio-economic development; ensure equitable access and benefits in digital transformation, especially in education, health, culture, labor, employment and social security.
4. Ensure cybersecurity and data protection in digital transformation activities; prevent, detect and handle violations of laws in the digital environment.
5. Encourage innovation, controlled experimentation and application of new digital technologies to enhance service provision efficiency, develop digital products and services.
6. Promote and support enterprises, cooperatives and business households in digital transformation; prioritize support for small and medium enterprises, and enterprises operating in disadvantaged or extremely disadvantaged areas.
7. Strengthen management and supervision of digital systems and platforms, especially large-scale intermediary digital platforms to ensure fair competition, safety and transparency in the digital environment.
8. Ensure uniform coordination among ministries, central authorities and local authorities; improve mechanisms, policies, standards and technical regulations to support digital transformation; avoid resource fragmentation and duplication of digital systems, platforms and data.
9. Attract and utilize talented, high-quality human resources; popularize and develop digital capacity of authorities, organizations, enterprises and citizens; ensure capability for implementation, operation and benefit realization from safe and sustainable digital transformation; support training and career transition for labor forces affected or displaced due to digital transformation.
10. Develop digital citizens and promote requirements for fair access and use of basic digital services including electronic identity, basic digital competence, digital signature certificates as prescribed by laws on electronic transactions, online public services, basic telecommunications services as prescribed by laws on telecommunications, and cashless payment services as prescribed by laws on banking.
11. Support development of digital transformation infrastructure; narrow the digital divide; assist access and effective use of digital transformation infrastructure, digital technology devices and digital capacity; enhance information and knowledge access capacity for people with disabilities, the elderly, children, residents in border, island, ethnic minority, mountainous, disadvantaged and extremely disadvantaged areas, and other vulnerable groups as prescribed by laws.
12. State authorities shall disclose digital transformation plans immediately after approving the creation of opportunities for economic sectors to participate in the digital transformation market; encourage the use of digital technology products and services produced and mastered by Vietnamese enterprises; implement mechanisms for the State to commission digital technology enterprises to research and solve important national tasks.
Article 10. International cooperation in digital transformation
1. The State shall promote bilateral and multilateral cooperation with countries, international organizations and global enterprises in the field of digital transformation based on the principles of respecting independence, sovereignty and protecting national sovereignty in cyberspace.
2. International cooperation in digital transformation shall focus on the following activities:
a) Exchange of experience and technology transfer;
b) Attracting foreign investment and expanding markets for Vietnam’s products, goods and services to serve digital transformation; promoting and expanding e-commerce;
c) Training and exchange of experts; training and developing digital human resources;
d) Developing internationally compatible standards and technical regulations;
dd) Actively participating in forums, initiatives and establishing international cooperation in digital transformation.
NATIONAL COORDINATION IN DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Article 11. Content of state management of digital transformation
1. Develop, promulgate and organize the implementation of policies and laws on digital transformation; technical standards and regulations; and a uniform digital transformation index system.
2. Develop, promulgate and organize the implementation of strategies, programs and plans on digital transformation.
3. Disseminate information about digital transformation.
4. Manage and supervise digital transformation activities.
5. Collect statistics, measurement, supervision and evaluation of the level and effectiveness of digital transformation.
6. Conduct inspections, handle complaints, denunciations, and violations related to digital transformation laws.
7. Train and develop digital human resources.
8. Engage in international cooperation in digital transformation.
Article 12. Strategies, programs, plans for digital transformation
1. The Prime Minister shall approve the National Strategy for Digital Transformation in accordance with the strategy for socio-economic development.
2. The National Program for Digital Transformation is a collection of content and tasks related to digital transformation activities including inter-sectoral and inter-regional tasks that are developed by the State management authority for digital transformation and proposed to the Prime Minister for promulgation periodically in accordance with the National Strategy for Digital Transformation as specified in clause 1 of this Article.
3. Plans for digital transformation of ministries, central authorities and local authorities are developed and promulgated in accordance with the National Strategy for Digital Transformation and the National Program for Digital Transformation as prescribed in clauses 1 and 2 of this Article.
4. The implementation of the National Strategy, the National Program for National Digital Transformation, five-year and annual plans shall be funded by digital transformation financial sources as prescribed in Section 2, Chapter V of this Law.
5. The Government shall elaborate this Article.
Article 13. National digital architecture framework
1. The National digital architecture framework shall outline the overall digital architecture model for the country including identification of the most basic and shared components for authorities within the political system; cybersecurity protection; data protection; assurance of connectivity, data sharing and shared use of resources and data; avoiding duplication on a national scale; supporting socio-economic development; and serving citizens and enterprises.
2. The main components of the National Digital Architecture Framework include:
a) Digital architecture framework of the Communist Party of Vietnam (hereinafter referred to as “CPV”) authorities;
b) Digital architecture framework of the National Assembly;
c) Digital architecture framework of the Vietnam Fatherland Front;
d) Digital architecture framework of the Government;
dd) Digital architecture frameworks of other authorities and organizations.
3. The state management authority for digital transformation shall preside and cooperate with relevant authorities to:
a) Develop and propose the National Digital Architecture Framework to the Prime Minister for promulgation;
b) Update and organize the implementation of the National Digital Architecture Framework.
4. The construction, development, interconnection and sharing among digital systems, information systems, digital platforms, databases and digital services of authorities within the political system shall comply with the National Digital Architecture Framework, the National Data Architecture Framework, and the National Data Administration and Management Framework.
Article 14. Standards, technical regulations and conformity evaluation for digital transformation
1. Activities related to standards, technical regulations and conformity evaluation in the field of digital transformation shall comply with the principles prescribed in the Law on Standards and Technical Regulations, and the Law on Product and Goods Quality.
2. In addition to complying with the principles prescribed in clause 1 of this Article, activities on standards and technical regulations in digital transformation shall comply the following principles:
a) Ensure consistency, synchronization, interoperability and capability for connectivity and data sharing among digital systems;
b) Be conformity with technological development level and orientation, socio-economic conditions and state management requirements;
c) Authorities, organizations and individuals are permitted to directly apply international standards, regional standards and foreign standards. The application of international, regional and foreign standards shall not contradict Vietnamese laws, nor harm national defense, security, socio-economic interests or other national interests;
d) Avoid creating unnecessary technical barriers to digital transformation;
dd) Ensure cybersecurity, protection of personal data, human and citizen rights in the digital environment.
3. The Government shall assign the Ministry to take charge of the development of a comprehensive plan for developing and orienting national standards and technical regulations in digital transformation; coordinate and promote ministries and central authorities to implement the plan in accordance with the National Strategy for Digital Transformation and the National Program for Digital Transformation.
The Minister of Science and Technology, Ministers, and Heads of ministerial-level authorities, within their assigned powers and tasks, shall organize the development, appraisal and publication of national standards; and promulgate national technical regulations in digital transformation within their state management authority in accordance with the Law on Standards and Technical Regulations.
4. Authorities, organizations and individuals implementing digital transformation are responsible for selecting and applying appropriate standards in accordance with national technical regulations.
5. The State shall encourage and support enterprises, organizations and individuals to participate in standardization and technical regulation activities in digital transformation through the National Strategy for Digital Transformation, National Program for Digital Transformation, and plans for digital transformation. To be specific:
a) Participate in international standardization organizations in digital transformation of which Vietnam is a member;
b) Encourage Vietnamese experts to participate in international forums and organizations on standards in digital transformation;
c) Train highly qualified technical experts that are capable of holding key roles in technical committees and international groups on digital transformation standards;
d) Encourage organizations, enterprises and individuals to participate in developing and applying standards in digital transformation.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF STATE AUTHORITIES, ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS
Article 15. Assignment of responsibilities in state management of digital transformation
1. The Government shall unify state management of digital transformation nationwide; annually report to the National Assembly on the results of digital transformation implementation.
2. The Ministry of Science and Technology is the focal authority accountable to the Government for state management of digital transformation.
3. Ministries, ministerial-level authorities and province-level People’s Committees shall perform state management of digital transformation within their sectors and local areas in accordance with their assigned tasks and powers.
4. The Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of National Defense, and the Minister of National Defense shall perform state management of data in accordance with laws on data and cipher activities.
5. Heads of state authorities shall:
a) Directly lead, organize implementation, and be accountable for digital transformation results within their sectors, local areas, assigned authorities or units;
b) Prioritize resources, personnel and necessary conditions for effective implementation of digital transformation;
c) Organize internal inspections, and periodically report on digital transformation results as prescribed by laws.
Article 16. Responsibilities of organizations and individuals in digital transformation
1. Responsibilities of organizations
a) Comply with laws on digital transformation, cybersecurity, electronic transactions, personal data protection, artificial intelligence and other relevant laws when participating in, providing or using digital systems, information systems, digital platforms, digital data and digital services;
b) Provide, update and be responsible for the accuracy of information and data serving electronic transactions and digital services;
c) Ensure cybersecurity, protect personal data and implement risk prevention measures during the application of digital technologies and operation of the organization’s digital systems, information systems and digital platforms;
d) Cooperate with state authorities in authentication, data sharing and fulfilling other obligations to serve digital transformation as prescribed by laws;
e) Fulfill other relevant obligations as prescribed by laws.
2. Responsibilities of individuals
a) Comply with the laws when participating in activities in digital environment, using digital services, digital platforms, digital systems and information systems;
b) Provide complete and accurate information and data; and be responsible for the content provided when performing administrative procedures, digital services and electronic transactions;
c) Protect account information and personal data; take safety measures when using digital services;
d) Participate in giving feedback, comments and evaluation to improve the quality of digital services.
MEASURES FOR ASSURANCE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Section 1. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL HUMAN RESOURCES
Article 17. Training and development of digital human resources
1. Digital competency is a mandatory content in educational and training programs as prescribed by laws on education, vocational education and higher education.
2. The state management authority for digital transformation shall issue and update the Digital Competency Framework as the basis for training, evaluation, analysis and summary of information about the digital human resources.
3. Ministries, ministerial-level authorities, governmental authorities and People’s Committees at all levels are responsible for organizing the dissemination of basic digital competencies suitable to the Digital Competency Framework for appropriate target groups within their assigned sectors and local areas.
4. Authorities within the political system are responsible for providing training in digital competencies in accordance with the Digital Competency Framework to ensure that cadres, civil servants and public employees have the necessary digital competencies to carry out digital transformation.
5. Enterprises and employers are responsible for providing training and disseminating basic digital competencies to their employees; providing training and guidelines for career transition and improvement of digital competencies suitable to market demands for employees at risk of job loss due to digital transformation.
Article 18. Attraction and utilization of experts in digital transformation
1. The State shall implement special mechanisms and policies for attraction and utilization of experts, talents and high-quality human resources in the field of digital transformation in accordance with laws on cadres, civil servants, public employees; laws on science, technology and innovation; laws on digital technology industry; and other relevant laws.
2. State authorities and state-owned enterprises are permitted to hire experts and collaborators as follows:
a) Proactively choose the form and duration of contracts with domestic and foreign personnel and experts;
b) State-owned enterprises may cooperate, exchange and utilize experts and personnel to serve digital transformation activities.
3. Individuals with outstanding achievements in digital transformation shall be honored and rewarded in accordance with laws on emulation and commendation.
Article 19. Incentives for cadres, civil servants and employees working in digital transformation
1. Authorities within the political system shall implement special remuneration regimes for personnel working in digital transformation including cadres, civil servants and public employees of units carrying out state management of digital transformation at central, province- and commune- levels; full-time digital transformation and cybersecurity staff within authorities of the political system; chief engineers, chief architects in science, technology, innovation and digital transformation; and other positions related to digital transformation.
2. Forms of remuneration include salary, allowances, working conditions, career development opportunities, and other forms of commendation.
3. The regimes and policies on remuneration for subjects prescribed in clause 1 of this Article shall comply with regulations of the Government.
Section 2. FINANCE FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Article 20. Financial sources for digital transformation
1. The State shall ensure annual spending on digital transformation of at least 1% of the total state budget expenditure which is drawn from a minimum of 3% of the state budget for development of science, technology, innovation and digital transformation with gradual increases according to development requirements to implement the policies and guidelines of the CPV and State in each period.
The state budget allocated for digital transformation serving national defense and security shall comply with the Law on State Budget Law and this Law; and be summarized within the total expenditure for science, technology, innovation and digital transformation.
2. Non-state budget financial sources include lawful financial resources of enterprises, organizations, individuals; Foundations for Development of Science and Technology of enterprises, organizations and public service providers; and other lawful financial sources as prescribed by laws.
Article 21. State budget expenditure for digital transformation
1. The expenditure of the state budget for digital transformation activities shall comply with Article 4 of this Law.
2. The Government shall regulate the management of investment, procurement, service renting and special mechanisms for pilot development in digital transformation funded by the state budget capital; the expenditure of the state budget; and the decentralization of expenditure responsibilities between the central budget and local budgets for digital transformation.
3. Ministries, ministerial-level authorities, governmental authorities and other authorities at central and local levels shall propose the use of state budget for digital transformation in accordance with strategies, programs and plans for digital transformation prescribed in Article 12 of this Law and the expenditure of the state budget as prescribed in clause 2 of this Article.
Section 3. DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Article 22. Digital transformation infrastructure
1. Digital transformation infrastructure refers to the infrastructure for comprehensive digital transformation serving the production, transmission, collection, processing, archive and exchange of digital data. Digital transformation infrastructure includes digital infrastructure and public digital infrastructure.
2. The State shall unify management and operation according to open, safe, transparent rules, and ensure equal access rights to the following public digital infrastructures:
a) Electronic identification and authentication as prescribed by laws on identification;
b) Digital payment infrastructure managed and operated by the State;
c) National platforms for data connection, integration, sharing and coordination;
d) National electronic authentication infrastructure.
3. In each period, the state management authority for digital transformation shall develop and propose the Prime Minister for promulgation the Digital Infrastructure Strategy which identifies components of digital infrastructure, development goals, tasks and implementation measures.
Article 23. Development of centers for data and cloud computing
1. The state management authority for electricity shall take charge of developing, promulgating or proposing competent authorities for promulgation, adjustment and supplementation of the national plan for power development to ensure the supply of green, clean power and reserve capacity for data centers; direct electricity units to prioritize stable, high-quality power supply allocation in areas planned for development of data centers in accordance with the Planning for information and communication infrastructure, Digital Infrastructure Strategy, and province-level planning.
2. Province-level People’s Committees are responsible for allocating suitable land funds in the planning and plans for local land use for data center projects, prioritize locations in high-tech zones, concentrated digital technology zones and areas with favorable technical infrastructure conditions in accordance with the Planning for information and communication infrastructure, Digital Infrastructure Strategy, and province-level planning.
3. Ministries, central authorities and local authorities are responsible for evaluating and prioritizing the selection of cloud computing deployment models in investment, procurement and service renting activities to serve digital transformation.
4. Competent authorities shall promulgate and publish national standards and national technical regulations on data centers; regulate the conformity declaration of data centers to standards and technical regulations in accordance with telecommunications laws.
5. The infrastructure of the National data center is an important component of digital infrastructure serving national digital transformation. The assurance of resources for building and developing the infrastructure of the National data center shall comply with laws on data.
Article 24. Development of transmission infrastructure for machine-to-machine connectivity
1. The State shall encourage and facilitate the integration of sensor devices that archive data about the surrounding environment and digital technology applications into technical infrastructures for transportation, energy, water supply and drainage, urban areas, public buildings, environment and other technical infrastructures.
2. The implementation of projects integrating into the technical infrastructure as prescribed in clause 1 of this Article must satisfy the following requirements:
a) The ability to connect and share essential data generated from sensor devices in accordance with laws on data and personal data protection;
b) The compliance with relevant standards and technical regulations; assurance of cybersecurity, scalability, compatibility, interoperability and continuous operation between systems; promotion of comprehensive digital transformation in each sector.
3. Ministries, ministerial-level authorities and province-level People’s Committees within their assigned tasks and powers shall be responsible for:
a) Promulgating or proposing competent authorities for promulgation of regulations on technical infrastructure works under their management that must have sensor devices and other digital technology applications attached with an application roadmap suitable to the Digital Infrastructure Strategy, planning and strategies of each sector;
b) Promulgating standards, technical regulations and requirements on connectivity, sharing and use appropriate to each sector;
c) Promulgating standards, technical regulations and guidelines for protection of data of transmission infrastructure so that machine-to-machine connectivity can be consistently connected, shared and utilized; promulgating standards and technical regulations on cybersecurity for data generated, processed and accessed from the transmission infrastructure for machine-to-machine connectivity.
Section 4. DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL SHARED DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND PLATFORMS
Article 25. Development of national shared digital systems
1. The State shall prioritize allocating state budget resources to invest in and develop national shared digital systems.
2. The State shall encourage organizations and enterprises to participate in the development and operation of digital systems under the public-private partnership model in accordance with technical standards and technical regulations.
Article 26. Development of national shared digital platforms
1. The state management authority for digital transformation shall take charge of developing and proposing the Prime Minister for promulgation of the criteria and list of national shared digital platforms among authorities of the political system; publishing and promulgating standards, technical regulations and technical requirements for shared digital platforms; measuring and supervising the operation and activities of shared digital platforms via online method.
2. Authorities of the political system are responsible for building, managing and operating shared digital platforms under their management to serve common professional activities, avoiding duplication, ensuring efficiency, and adopting an open, flexible approach; opening and disclosing standards and technical regulations to allow enterprises to participate in the development and provision of services on digital platforms.
Section 5. OTHER ASSSURANCE MEASURES
Article 27. Assurance of cybersecurity
1. Authorities, organizations and individuals participating in or related to digital transformation activities must comply with laws on cybersecurity, protection of data, personal data, state secrets, and other relevant laws. Data controllers shall proactively establish procedures and measures to protect data appropriate to the nature of their activities and the methods for satisfying the data subject’s requirements, except where otherwise prescribed by laws.
2. Controllers of digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems, digital platforms, information systems and databases are responsible for developing tools to proactively filter, detect, notify and handle to protect users from harmful content, violations, fake news and fraudulent information in accordance with cybersecurity laws and other relevant laws.
Article 28. Sandbox mechanisms
Authorities, organizations and enterprises are permitted to apply sandbox for procedures, measures, products, services and business models in digital transformation in accordance with laws on science, technology and innovation; laws on digital technology industry; data laws; and other relevant laws.
Article 29. Promotion of development and application of digital twins
1. Authorities, organizations and individuals researching, developing and applying digital twins in various sectors are entitled to incentives as prescribed by laws on science, technology and innovation; laws on digital technology industry. They are also protected by intellectual property rights for relevant models, algorithms and measures.
2. Organizations and individuals deploying digital twins have the obligation to ensure the accuracy, up-to-date and synchronization of data; to notify users when interacting with or using outputs generated by the digital twin; bear responsibility for consequences arising from the use of digital twins in management, operation and decision-making.
Article 30. Statistics, measurement, supervision and evaluation of digital transformation effectiveness
1. The state management authority for digital transformation has the following responsibilities:
a) Develop and publish a uniform set of indicators to evaluate the level of digital transformation; develop, manage and operate the platform for statistics, measurement, supervision and evaluation of digital transformation implementation;
b) Annually organize evaluations of the level of digital transformation of the nation, ministries, central authorities and local authorities. The evaluation results shall be disclosed and serve as the basis for ranking, commendation, policy adjustment. The funding allocation shall be prioritized for authorities and local authorities.
2. Ministries, ministerial authorities, governmental authorities, other central authorities, and province-level People’s Committees are responsible for collecting, providing and updating complete, accurate and timely data on the platform for statistics, measurement, supervision and evaluation of digital transformation implementation to serve state management of digital transformation.
Article 31. Activities of digital government
1. State authorities are responsible for providing public services, internal affairs, direction, management, supervision and inspection of the entire procedures on digital platforms, except where otherwise prescribed by laws. They must have contingency plans for emergencies or incidents causing disruption to digital operations, and plans for response, remediation and maintenance of normal operations.
2. Direction, management and decision-making activities shall be based on complete, accurate and timely digital data.
3. Professional procedures shall be reviewed, standardized, restructured and simplified before digitization to ensure the efficiency, avoid duplication and enhance automation. Organizations or individuals are not required to re-submit valid digital information or data that has already been provided.
4. Comply with principles of digital transformation prescribed in Article 6 of this Law.
Article 32. Provision of online public services
1. State authorities shall provide uniform and centralized online public services from central to local levels on the National Public Service Portal and the National Identification Application. To be specific:
a) Administrative procedures shall be provided as wholly online public services by default;
b) Partially online public services shall only be provided in cases where the laws prescribe otherwise or when technical incidents prevent immediate resolution.
2. The provision of information and online public services by state authorities on digital platforms shall comply with regulations of the Government.
3. State authorities have the following responsibilities:
a) Provide guidelines and support citizens during the use of online public services; disclose procedures, deadlines and results in accordance with this Law and relevant laws;
b) Handle any cadres, civil servants, public employees or employees who request additional documents in cases where information systems serving administrative procedures have already connected and used data from national or specialized databases in accordance with the laws.
Article 33. Interconnection, integration and use of data to serve administrative procedure resolution
1. Information systems for administrative procedure resolution; information systems involved in processing administrative procedures and online public service provision shall be designed, developed, connected, interoperable and operated in accordance with the National Digital Architecture Framework, the National Data Architecture Framework, and the National Data Administration and Management Framework, common data dictionary, relevant standards, technical regulations and technical requirements.
2. State authorities are responsible for connecting, sharing and utilizing data from national databases, specialized databases and information systems of other authorities to resolve administrative procedures and provide online public services to ensure seamless interconnection between central and local levels.
Article 34. Assurance of quality of online public services
1. Information systems for administrative procedure resolution; information systems involved in processing administrative procedures and providing online public services shall be designed to measure and supervise service quality in real-time including speed, stability, processing capacity, level of automation, user experience and cybersecurity.
2. State authorities are responsible for complying with standards, technical regulations and technical requirements to provide high-quality and efficient online public services in the digital environment. They must have remediation measures and guidelines for alternative measures in case of incidents; promptly resolve technical errors and arising issues; and disclose the following information on the National Public Service Portal and the authority’s electronic information portal:
a) Service quality commitments;
b) Real-time quality indicators;
c) Feedback and incident handling mechanisms;
d) Results of service quality improvements;
d) Service effectiveness;
e) Satisfaction levels of citizens and enterprises using the service.
3. The quality of online public services shall be continuously improved based on independent evaluation results, user surveys and actual usage data.
4. The Minister of Science and Technology shall promulgate standards, technical regulations and technical requirements for online public services; provide guidelines for methods for measuring, evaluating and disclosing the quality of online public services.
Article 35. Universal accessibility in using online public services
1. Authorities providing online public services must ensure easy access and usability for all users, especially people with disabilities, the elderly, children, residents in border areas, islands, ethnic minority areas, mountainous regions, disadvantaged areas, extremely disadvantaged areas and other vulnerable groups.
2. Authorities providing online public services are responsible for periodically self-evaluating the level of service accessibility and coverage; disclosing the evaluation results; receiving and handling feedback from organizations and individuals; and promptly implementing remedial measures.
Article 36. Digital economy development
1. Digital economy development is a key and breakthrough task in the strategy for socio-economic development of the country in order to promote rapid, sustainable, inclusive and efficient growth based on digital systems, digital platforms, digital technologies and digital data.
2. The development of the digital economy shall satisfy the following requirements:
a) Apply enterprise-centered method; promote the application and development of digital technology;
b) Prioritize the development of digital systems, digital platforms and digital ecosystems to serve domestic and international market demands;
c) Link with cybersecurity and personal data protection;
d) Comply with principles of digital transformation prescribed in Article 6 of this Law.
3. The State is responsible for creating a healthy competitive environment, promoting digital economic activities; managing risks and supervising digital economic activities.
Article 37. Policies for development of digital economy for small and medium enterprises, cooperatives and business households
1. The State shall implement financial support measures and other forms of assistance for small and medium enterprises, cooperatives and business households to undergo digital transformation, participate in digital economy development activities, and contribute to rapid and sustainable growth objectives.
2. The support is provided based on principles of transparency, openness, correct subjects and compliance with the needs and level of digital transformation of each organization and enterprise in order to ensure focus, prioritization and suitability with resource balancing capacity.
3. The Government shall specify detailed content, criteria, requirements and forms of support prioritizing small and medium enterprises, cooperatives and business households that satisfy one of the following criteria:
a) Operating in ethnic minority areas, disadvantaged areas or disadvantaged areas;
b) Operating in sectors prioritized for digital transformation under the National Strategy for Digital Transformation and the National Program for Digital Transformation.
4. The state management authority for digital transformation shall take charge and cooperate with ministries, ministerial authorities, governmental authorities and province-level People’s Committees to guide and organize support activities; periodically summarize, evaluate and report to the Government as prescribed by laws.
Article 38. Responsibilities of digital system and digital platform owners
1. Disclose codes of conduct, terms and conditions of use, complaint reception and resolution mechanisms, and user rights protection policies.
2. Be responsible for establishing technical measures and management procedures to detect, prevent and remove illegal content, content violating social customs and morals, or harmful information for users on digital systems and platforms at the request of competent state authorities.
3. Owners of intermediary digital platforms shall not engage in unlawful obstruction, imposition, discrimination or unfair competition against other providers participating in offering products and services on digital platforms.
4. Comply with laws on electronic transactions, e-commerce, cybersecurity, personal data protection, and other relevant laws.
Article 39. Statistics and reports on digital economy
1. The statistical system on the digital economy is established to supervise, measure and evaluate activities of the digital economy to serve as a basis for development of policies, strategies, planning and state management of digital economy development.
2. The state management authority for statistics is responsible for developing, updating and publishing the system of statistical indicators, measurement methods, reporting mechanisms and data sharing related to the digital economy.
3. Authorities, organizations and enterprises are responsible for providing and reporting data to support digital economy statistics at the request of competent state authorities and in accordance with the laws.
Article 40. Digital society development
1. Development of the digital society aims to create a working, learning and interactive environment to ensure that organizations and individuals can conveniently, safely and effectively access, use and benefit from digital transformation in the digital environment.
2. The development of the digital society shall satisfy the following requirements:
a) Ensure that all citizens, especially vulnerable groups and residents in border areas, islands, ethnic minority areas, mountainous regions, disadvantaged areas and extremely disadvantaged areas have opportunities to access and benefit from digital services;
b) Protect personal data and ensure cybersecurity for citizens and enterprises when participating in electronic transactions and digital services;
c) Promote responsible behavior and culture in the digital environment;
d) Comply with principles of digital transformation prescribed in Article 6 of this Law.
3. The State has priority policies for developing the digital society with focus on the following tasks:
a) Developing digital capabilities;
b) Narrowing the digital divide;
c) Ensuring a safe digital environment;
d) Protecting human rights and citizens’ rights in the digital environment;
dd) Developing digital culture.
Article 41. Human rights and citizens’ rights in the digital environment
1. Human rights and citizens’ rights are recognized, respected, protected, and shall not be denied even if they are exercised in the digital environment.
2. Registration, use and management of electronic identity accounts, electronic transaction accounts and digital signatures shall comply with laws on electronic identification and authentication, and electronic transactions.
3. Personal data shall be protected in accordance with personal data protection laws.
4. Having access to basic digital literacy.
5. Having the right to choose to use or discontinue using digital products and services based on receiving complete, clear, accurate, transparent and timely information about terms and conditions of use; not being subjected to unreasonable conditions or discrimination when using digital products and services.
6. Being ensured fair and safe access conditions, especially for vulnerable groups in the digital environment.
7. Having the right to request competent authorities to protect lawful rights in the digital environment.
8. Being ensured digital citizen rights as prescribed by relevant laws.
Article 42. Narrowing the digital divide
1. The State shall prioritize allocating resources including investment capital and other forms of financial support to narrow the digital divide; to ensure resource allocation above the national average for border areas, islands, ethnic minority areas, mountainous regions, disadvantaged areas and extremely disadvantaged areas.
2. Ministries, ministerial authorities, governmental authorities and People’s Committees at all levels, according to the National Strategy for Digital Transformation and the National Program for Digital Transformation, are responsible for universalizing and supporting conditions for access and the ability to use basic digital services; raising the requirements for universal telecommunication service coverage with focus on vulnerable groups and residents in border areas, islands, ethnic minority areas, mountainous regions, disadvantaged areas and extremely disadvantaged areas.
3. The State shall have policies to support enterprises to provide free public digital signature certificates to citizens in accordance with the locations, subjects and time prescribed in the National Strategy for Digital Transformation and the National Program for Digital Transformation as prescribed in Article 12 of this Law.
4. Telecommunications enterprises are responsible for providing universal telecommunication services in accordance with the list, locations, areas, conditions, quality and service prices in accordance with telecommunications laws.
Article 43. Assurance of a safe digital environment suitable for children
1. Children’s rights to protection, safety and healthy digital environment shall be ensured from the design stage of products and digital services.
2. Ministers and heads of ministerial authorities shall organize the development, publication and issuance of technical standards and regulations for products and services that protect children in the digital environment; establish supervision, warning and strict handling mechanisms for acts of abuse or provision of harmful information to children in the digital environment in accordance with management requirements for the assigned sector.
3. Families and schools are responsible for proactively educating and providing guidelines for children on digital literacy and behavior in the digital environment; supervising the time and accessed content; authorizing online activities for children in the digital environment.
4. Digital content products containing content harmful to children shall carry warning labels.
Article 44. Support for the elderly and people with disabilities in digital transformation
1. The elderly and people with disabilities are prioritized by the State for support in participating and using digital products and services including:
a) Exemption or reduction of electronic authentication fees and online public service fees as prescribed by laws;
b) Consultation and guidelines when conducting electronic transactions related to administrative procedures, healthcare, insurance and social security;
c) Support for participation in digital literacy universalization and basic digital skills training programs designed appropriately for the elderly and people with disabilities.
2. Enterprises are encouraged to participate in developing and providing digital products and services that satisfy accessibility standards for the elderly and people with disabilities as prescribed by laws.
3. Province-level People’s Committees are responsible for organizing the implementation of support activities and promoting digital transformation for the elderly and people with disabilities in provinces; ensuring accessible, safe and appropriate conditions for the needs of these groups.
1. Digital culture refers to the values, norms, behaviors, creative activities and share of cultural content in the digital environment that comply with Vietnamese laws and cultural traditions.
2. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism is responsible for:
a) Issue and implement the Code of Conduct for cultural behavior in the digital environment;
b) Develop, manage, operate, update, maintain and provide guidelines for the use of the national database on cultural heritage.
3. The State has policies to encourage and support organizations and individuals to create, produce and distribute digital content products that comply with Vietnamese laws and cultural traditions.
Article 46. Amendment and annulment of some articles, clauses and points of relevant laws
1. Point d1 is added after point d, clause 2, Article 66 of the Law on Science, Technology and Innovation No. 93/2025/QH15 as follows:
“d1) The digital transformation shall comply with laws on digital transformation;”.
2. Clause 5, Article 42 of the Law on Electronic Transactions No. 20/2023/QH15 (amended by the Law No. 60/2024/QH15 and the Law No. 116/2025/QH15) shall be annulled.
1. This Law shall be effective from July 01, 2026.
2. The Law on Information Technology No. 67/2006/QH11 (amended by the Law No. 21/2017/QH14, the Law No. 20/2023/QH15, the Law No. 24/2023/QH15, the Law No. 71/2025/QH15 and the Law No. 84/2025/QH15 (hereinafter referred to as “Law on Information Technology No. 67/2006/QH11”) ceases to be effective from the effective date of this Law, except for cases prescribed in clauses 1 and 2, Article 48 of this Law.
Article 48. Transitional provision
1. Strategies, programs, schemes, projects and tasks related to IT, IT applications and digital transformation that are approved and are being implemented before the effective date of this Law shall continue to be executed in accordance with the Law on Information Technology No. 67/2006/QH11 and guidelines for such Law until completion, except where the parties choose to apply this Law.
2. Information technology certificates and information technology application certificates issued in accordance with the Law on Information Technology No. 67/2006/QH11 and other relevant legislative documents shall remain valid until the expiration date stated on the certificates.
3. For legislative documents elaborating regulations and specific measures to organize and guide the implementation of the Law on Information Technology No. 67/2006/QH11 that were issued before the effective date of this Law, ministries and ministerial authorities are responsible for reviewing and disclosing, or proposing competent authorities for announcement of the continuation of full or partial validity in accordance with the Law on Promulgation of Legislative Documents.
This Law was ratified by the 10th meeting of the 15th National Assembly of Socialist Republic of Vietnam on December 11, 2025.
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PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Tran Thanh Man |
